Metacognition Glossary
Every term you encounter in MindFrame — defined clearly, backed by research, and connected to how it appears in your training.
Core Concepts
The foundational ideas behind metacognitive training.
Metacognition
Thinking about your own thinking — awareness and control of your cognitive processes.
de Boer et al. 2018 (g=0.63); Hidayat et al. (ES≈1.11)
Cognitive Self-Awareness
Accurate knowledge of your own cognitive strengths, weaknesses, and tendencies.
Pronin 2008; Normann & Morina 2021 (g=0.69 MCT vs CBT)
Scoring & Metrics
How MindFrame measures your performance.
Brier Score
A measure of probability forecast accuracy — lower is better, 0 is perfect.
Brier 1950; Tetlock & Gardner, Superforecasting (2015)
Calibration
The alignment between your stated confidence and your actual accuracy.
Fischhoff et al. 1977; Tetlock & Gardner 2015
Composite Score
MindFrame's unified performance metric combining accuracy, calibration, reasoning, and speed.
MindFrame scoring protocol v2.4
Accuracy
The percentage of questions you answered correctly in a session.
Calibration Error
The average gap between your stated confidence and your actual accuracy.
Fischhoff et al. 1977
Cognitive Processes
The mental machinery that metacognition monitors and controls.
Cognitive Bias
A systematic pattern of deviation from rational judgment in your thinking.
Kahneman 2011; Tversky & Kahneman 1974
Overconfidence Bias
Systematically believing you know more or perform better than you actually do.
Barber & Odean 2001; Moore & Healy 2008
Dunning-Kruger Effect
Low-competence individuals overestimate their ability; experts often underestimate theirs.
Kruger & Dunning 1999; Pennycook et al. 2017
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for and favour information that confirms your existing beliefs.
Nickerson 1998; Wason 1960
Working Memory
The system that temporarily holds and manipulates information for active use.
Cowan 2001; Alloway & Alloway 2010; Basak et al. 2008 (g≈0.28)
Cognitive Load
The total amount of mental effort being used in working memory at any given moment.
Sweller 1988; Paas & Sweller 2014
Analytical Reasoning
The systematic process of evaluating evidence and drawing valid conclusions.
Stanovich 2016; Kahneman 2011
Belief Updating
Revising your beliefs in proportion to new evidence — the core of rational thinking.
Tetlock & Gardner 2015; Nyhan & Reifler 2010
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts that enable fast decisions — useful but sometimes systematically wrong.
Tversky & Kahneman 1974; Gigerenzen 2007
Cognitive Flexibility
The ability to switch between different mental strategies or perspectives as conditions change.
Diamond 2013; Ionescu 2012
Mental Model
An internal representation of how something works, used to predict and reason about the world.
Johnson-Laird 1983; Munger 1994
Bias Blind Spot
The tendency to recognise biases in others while failing to see them in yourself.
Pronin, Lin & Ross 2002; Scopelliti et al. 2015
Training & Learning
How the mind changes and improves through deliberate practice.
Put the theory into practice
Understanding these concepts is step one. Training with them daily — with precise feedback — is how the change happens.
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